My Greatest Source of Motivation and Inspiration Essays

My Greatest Source of Motivation and Inspiration Essays My Greatest Source of Motivation and Inspiration Essay My Greatest Source of Motivation and Inspiration Essay My mother has consistently been my flexure to gaze upward to. She has Inspired me to be the individual I genuinely need to be. My mother is a solid, kind-hearted, and fruitful lady who has consistently been there for me. She invigorates me her and love during everything. She is my venerated image, a lady who has instructed me to remain consistent with myself and become the grown-up I need to turn into. A while ago when I was in grade 6, I was one of those children who didnt truly care about school and never truly tried to do schoolwork. I pondered internally What was the mint in learning things like the historical backdrop of Canada in the event that we are never going to apply it, in actuality? For what reason would i say i was finding out about craftsmanship if Im not wanting to be a craftsman? Be that as it may, at that point my mother showed me a life-changing and important exercise. She instructed me that despite the fact that we probably won't utilize all the information we gain from school, all things considered, training is as yet significant. I have to have decent instruction to be fruitful later on. On the off chance that I do well In school and get Into a good college I can become familiar with the things I appreciate and have my decision of work. I would be capable help my family and be content with my Job. She generally discloses to me that I am viewed as fortunate to be even ready to have instruction since kids somewhere else who long to have training wont have the option to get one as they can't bear the cost of one. I shouldnt imagine that school is exhausting and pointless and rather consider it an uncommon chance to learn. At whatever point Im not doing great In school, my mother would consistently rouse me to continue trying sincerely and attempting my best for my future. She said that I may not appreciate school yet at long last I would lament not finding out additional. One Sunday evening, a transformation, one that I strikingly recollected happened during inward. We were at home and it was Just my mother, my sister, my father, and l. We ate and there were a portion of my sisters most loved dishes. Our subject of conversation was what we wanted to accomplish for our future. In my family, I have consistently been the one that doesnt comprehend what to accomplish for my future. My sister definitely realized what her arrangements were; she needs to turn into a drug specialist. L, then again. Didnt comprehend what I needed. Sure I had a general thought; something in PCs, building, or mechanics. So not extremely tight, however at any rate a thought. Right now I abhorred this line of conversation. My sister could state something, however I had nothing to bring to the table. I needed to ensure the profession I picked would be one that I would be agreeable about. This one night before I went into my consoling bed, my mother came in my room and just because I disclosed to her that I needed to go Into software engineering. She was happy and glad that I at long last discovered something that I need to do. She bolstered and concurred with my favored profession as long as I am cheerful about it. She urged me to keep on trying sincerely and achieve as much as Possible in school so I can go to an amendable multiversity Ana nave my cream profession. Nee additionally cost me auto close past during her instruction. My mother was additionally similar to me when I was a youngster. She didnt attempt her best and in result she didnt do truly well in school. After she graduated secondary school she was just ready to go to an agreeable school. Following a year in school, she settled on perhaps the greatest choice that she lamented in the course of her life. She quit school since she thought it was excessively troublesome and she loathed it. This made it extremely difficult for her to get a sufficient Line of work which likewise made her life significantly harder. My mother has consistently shed in the event that she could return in time and revamp her choice so she could find out more and may have been progressively effective. As the years progressed, my mother has told me a brief look at the best way to be effective, prosperous and to be able to help my family later on. School may have been unforgiving and exhausting to me when I was a youngster. Be that as it may, through my mothers lessons I have figured out how important decent training is. She is my legend, my guide, who showed me how to remain solid and become what I need to be. She is my motivation and her quality permits me to keep on doing my closest to perfect in school.

Legal Aspects in Professional Psychology

List of chapters Legal issues Importance of secrecy Impact of enactment Role of skill Conclusion References Psychology is a created field of study which can be applied in wide fields which incorporate instructive, clinical, sports, business, and wellbeing regions. Publicizing We will compose a custom paper test on Legal Aspects in Professional Psychology explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Psychologists, much the same as different experts, experience serious instruction and preparing before they are permitted to rehearse (Nancy, 2007). Proficient clinicians are outfitted with logical establishments that set them up to offer excellent administrations and utilize their pragmatic abilities adequately. The abilities incorporate, yet not constrained to, mental assessment, clinical management, meeting, just as psychotherapy. Inferable from the broadness of this field, there are various lawful perspectives which ought to be considered in the act of expert brain research. The code of morals obviously accommodate the general standards expected in the act of basically all expert fields, for example, medication, law, and dentistry. The article explains the lawful issues identified with educated endorsement and refusal of clinical consideration just as assessing the lawful issues related assessment and conclusion in the field of expert brain science. It additionally offers the clarification of the need to improve secrecy in the helpful connection between the patient and the analyst. Besides, the paper offers an assessment of the effect of government enactment and the job of skill in proficient brain science. Legitimate issues The lawful angles in the field of expert brain research apply to all occurrences where mental morals are to be worked out. Proficient analysts are required to comprehend the legitimate issues and worries that might be raised particularly by their customers. Aside from the down to earth concerns, the lawful parts of brain science spr ead expansive regions, for example, understanding the job of government laws and the guidelines related with human conduct just as the different mental procedures (Nancy, 2007). The act of expert brain science ought not abuse any of the legitimate arrangements specified in the expert set of principles and morals. Promoting Looking for paper on brain science? We should check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The codes of morals are commonly uniform in all the states in spite of the fact that permitting might be finished by singular states. The treatment of customers by analysts is one of the most touchy territories which ought to comply with the legitimate necessities. Proficient clinicians are relied upon to guarantee that they get educated assent from their customers. This suggests the customer needs to concur with terms and states of clinical treatment or any evaluation/testing (Nancy, 2007). Such assent must be very much educated, capable an d deliberate in nature. In the event that the customer isn't in a situation to give assent, at that point a perceived wellbeing lawyer or closest relative might be permitted to sub for the patient. The specialist must educate the customer regarding the potential dangers just as advantages related with the expected treatment process (Berger, 2002). Furthermore, the customer ought to be given the elective methods of treatment so as to settle on suitable individual decisions. Another lawful teaching under educated assent is self-assurance. It alludes to one side of a grown-up customer who is of sound psyche to choose what should be possible on their body over the span of treatment (Nancy, 2007). The therapist is required to impart adequate data to the customer so as to encourage the assent procedure. Toward the finish of the assent procedure, the customer should sign suitable archives before the initiation of any clinical consideration. The privilege to educated refusal is another lawf ul necessity in the act of expert brain research. This arrangement engages the customer to reject any given clinical consideration paying little mind to how significantly significant it is intended to spare their life (Berger, 2002). For instance, a patient experiencing kidney disappointment may decay a transplant notwithstanding realizing that refusal may bring about death. Besides, a customer experiencing genuine respiratory failure may pick to leave the clinic despite the fact that they are probably going to pass on (Nancy, 2007). A customer may reject treatment because of a few reasons, for example, wretchedness, absence of trust, dread, and misjudging. A clinician may make further endeavors to persuade the customer on the off chance that the individual in question thinks the choice to decline treatment is awkward. Significance of classification The lawful arrangements are likewise outfitted towards guaranteeing secrecy among customers and their clinicians. The expert set of pri nciples and morals shields customers from any type of misuse particularly passionate as well as physical. Publicizing We will compose a custom exposition test on Legal Aspects in Professional Psychology explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Recommended rehearses by proficient therapists are ensured. They incorporate the support of clinical records, and fitting ways for ending a given treatment process. An analyst isn't required to share any of the client’s significant clinical data out in the open (Berger, 2002). This goes far in upgrading the trust between the customer and the specialist. On the off chance that the patient creates certainty towards the specialist, at that point the treatment procedure will undoubtedly be fruitful. In a circumstance where privacy is penetrated, the customer may start legitimate activity against the treatment supplier (Berger, 2002). When all is said in done, classification in the act of expert brain research guarantees that c ustomers get proficient just as others conscious taking care of that shields them from any type of misuse. Effect of enactment The administration in the United States assumes a focal job with regards to the act of expert brain research. A few enactments relaxed to time by the central government impact this recorded legitimately (Nancy, 2007). Choices which influence the financing and practice in the human services calling, especially mental administrations are made normally. The condition of medicinal services strategy in the United States has a great deal of effects on the preparation of analysts. Every single proficient clinician in America are managed by the American Psychological Association (APA) (Berger, 2002). The enactments give the necessary scholarly accomplishments so as to be perceived as an expert analyst. Clinical and guiding clinicians are the most well-known and are answerable for offering psychotherapeutic types of assistance and other mental assessments. Government enactments, be that as it may, may shift from state to state yet they are completely intended to protect the customers and the validity of the calling (Berger, 2002). The enactments in certain states have permitted therapists with proper extra capabilities to give mental medication. Endeavors by different states to pass a similar enactment have been fruitless. Promoting Searching for exposition on brain research? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Find out More APA has been persuasive in pushing for fitting enactments by the legislature. Developing issues in the field of expert brain science have brought about key enactments that are planned for upgrading the nature of administrations offered to the customers just as improving the government assistance of the analysts (Berger, 2002). Job of capability All expert clinicians are lawfully expected to offer amazing types of assistance for their individual customers. Proficient clinicians ought to hence exhibit remarkable ability in their duties. Capability can be characterized as the capacity to viably perform explicit errands inside a given field. Analysts are prepared to perform specific errands utilizing the procured aptitudes (Berger, 2002). Therapists are morally expected to offer types of assistance that are inside their regions of fitness. They should take customers who have issues which they can skillfully offer arrangements. Capability, hence, guarantees that therapists use their procu red information, abilities, and fitting conduct in dealing with their customers. End The article has talked about the different concerns identified with educated endorsement and the privilege to refusal of treatment and concerns addressing assessment and assurance in the field of expert mental. It has likewise given the subtleties of maintaining classification in the remedial connections between the customer and the specialist. Besides, the exposition has offered an assessment of the effect of government enactments just as the job of fitness in proficient brain research. The different legitimate perspectives in proficient brain research, along these lines, assume a significant job in controlling the general arrangement of administrations by analysts. References Berger, L. S. (2002). Understanding proficient brain science: government guideline and fitness. Trafford Plc. Nancy, M. (2007). Proficient brain science: a psychologist’s extensive guide (second ed.). McGraw Hill Plc. This exposition on Legal Aspects in Professional Psychology was composed and presented by client Savannah Combs to help you with your own investigations. You are allowed to utilize it for research and reference purposes so as to compose your own paper; be that as it may, you should refer to it appropriately. You can give your paper here.

100 Must-Read Books About Nature

100 Must-Read Books About Nature The following list compiles books that deal with the natural world from many vantage points. I have broken them, loosely, into categories. If you are interested in nature, plants, animals, and science you are sure to find something here. On Birds The Beak of the Finch: A Story of Evolution in Our Time by Jonathan Weiner The Genius of Birds by Jennifer Ackerman The Thing With Feathers: The Surprising Lives of Birds and What They Reveal About Being Human by Noah Strycker Beaks, Bones, and Bird Songs: How the Struggle for Survival Has Shaped Birds and Their Behavior by Roger Lederer The Homing Instinct: Meaning and Mystery in Animal Migration by Bernd Heinrich H is for Hawk by Helen Macdonald Rare Encounters with Ordinary Birds by Lyanda Lynn Haput The Urban Birder by David Lindo The Most Perfect Thing: Inside (And Outside) a Bird’s Egg by Tim Birkhead What the Robin Knows: How Birds Reveal the Secrets of the Natural World by Jon Young Avian Architecture: How Birds Design, Engineer, and Build by Peter Goodfellow The Song of the Dodo: Island Biogeography in an Age of Extinction by David Quammen The Birds of Pandemonium by Michele Raffin On  Plants Braiding Sweetgrass: Indigenous Wisdom, Scientific Knowledge, and the Teachings of Plants by Robin Wall Kimmerer The Cabaret of Plants: Forty Thousand Years of Plant Life and the Human Imagination by Richard Mabey Lab Girl by Hope Jahren The Invention of Nature: Alexander von Humboldt’s New World by Andrea Wulf The Triumph of Seeds: How Grains, Nuts, Kernels, Pulses, and Pips Conquired the Plant Kingdom and Shaped Human History by Thor Hanson The Drunken Botanist: The Plants That Create the World’s Great Drinks by Amy Stewart The Reason for Flowers: Their History, Culture, Biology, and How They Change Our Lives by Stephen Buchmann The Forest Unseen: A Year’s Watch in Nature by David Haskell The Tree: A Natural History of What Trees Are, How They Live, and Why They Matter by Colin Tudge The Botany of Desire: A Plant’s-Eye View of the World by Michael Pollan Mycophilia: Revelations from the Weird World of Mushrooms by Eugenia Bone Pawpaw: In Search of America’s Forgotten Fruit by Andrew Moore The Hidden Forest: The Biography of an Ecosystem by Jon Luoma American Canopy: Trees, Forests, and the Making of a Nation by Eric Rutkow Seeing Trees: Discover the Extraordinary Secrets of Everyday Trees by Nancy Ross Hugo On  Animals A Primates Memoir: A Neuroscientist’s Unconventional Life Among the Baboons by Robert Saposkly My Life with the Chimpanzees by Jane Goodall Grizzly Years: In Search of the American Wilderness by Doug Peacock Horseshoe Crabs and Velvet Worms: The Story of the Animals and Plants That Time Has Left Behind by Richart Fortey Gorillas in the Mist by Dian Fossey The Animal Dialogues: Uncommon Encounters in the Wild by Craig Childs Clever as a Fox: Animal Intelligence and What it can Teach us About Ourselves by Sonjo Yoerg Of Wolves and Men by Barry Lopez Are We Smart Enough to Know How Smart Animals Are? by Frans de Waal Land of the Tiger: A Natural History of the Indian Subcontinent by Valmik Thapar On Bugs Sweetness and Light: The Mysterious History of the Honeybee by Hattie Ellis Pandemic: Tracking Contagions, from Cholera to Ebola and Beyond by Sonia Shah A Sting in the Tale: My Adventures with Bumblebees by Dave Goulson The Butterfly Isles: A Summer in Search of Our Emperors and Admirals by Patrick Barkham Spineless Wonder: Strange Tales from the Invertebrate World by Richard Conniff Four Wings and a Prayer: Caught in the Mystery of the Monarch Butterfly by Sue Halpern Rabid: A Cultural History of the Worlds Most Diabolical Virus by Bill Wasik and Monica Murphy The Fever: How Malaria has Ruled Humankind for 500,000 Years by Sonia Shah Under  Water The Soul of an Octopus: A Surprising Exploration into the Wonder of Consciousness by Sy Montgomery The Ocean of Life: The Fate of Man and the Sea by Callum Roberts Poseidon’s Steed: The Story of Seahorses, from Myth to Reality by Helen Scales Voyage of the Turtle by Carl Safina The Whale: In Search of the Giants of the Sea by Philip Hoare Kraken: The Curious, Exciting, and Slightly Disturbing Science of the Squid by Wendy Williams The Dolphin in the Mirror: Exploring Dolphin Minds and Saving Dolphin Lives by Diana Reiss The Secret Life of Lobsters by Trevor Corson Listening to Whales: What the Orcas have Taught Us by Alexandra Morton The World is Blue: How Our Fate and the Ocean’s Are One by Sylvia Earle Eels: An Exploration, from New Zealand to the Sargasso, of the Worlds Most Mysterious Fish by James Prosek The Odyssey of KP2: An Orphan Seal, a Marine Biologist, and the Fight to Save a Species by Terrie M. Williams On  How Our World Works Seven Brief Lessons on Physics by Carlo Rovelli Rain: A Cultural and Natural History by Cythnia Barnett Sapiens: A Brief History of Human Kind by Noah Yuval Harari The Gene: An Intimate History by Siddhartha Mukherjee Power, Sex, Suicide: Mitochondria and the Meaning of Life by Nick Lane Life’s Greatest Secret: The Race to Crack the Genetic Code by Matthew Cobb The Story of Earth: The First 4.5 Billion Years, From Stardust to Living Planet by Robert Hazen The Disappearing Spoon: And Other True Tales of Madness, Love, and the History of the World from the Periodic Table of the Elements by Sam Kean The Emperor of All Maladies: A Biography of Cancer by Siddhartha Mukherjee Your Inner Fish: A Journey into the 3.5 Billion Year History of the Human Body by Neil Shubin The Origin of Species by Charles Darwin The Tree of Life: Charles Darwin by Peter Sis The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks by Rebecca Skloot The Double Helix by James Watson The Third Chimpanzee by Jared Diamond Cosmos by Carl Sagan The Greatest Show on Earth: The Evidence for Evolution by Richard Dawkins Genome: The Autobiography of a Species in 23 Chapters by Matt Ridley On  Conservation The Sixth Extinction: An Unnatural History by Elizabeth Kolbert Our Only World: Ten Essays by Wendell Berry Silent Spring by Rachel Carson This Changes Everything: Capitalism vs. The Climate by Naomi Klein Where the Wild Things Were by William Stolzenburg Half Earth: Our Planet’s Fight for Life by Edward O. Wilson The New Wild: Why Invasive Species Will Be Nature’s Salvation by Fred Pearce The End of Nature by Bill McKibben The Boy Who Harnessed the Wind: Creating Currents of Electricity and Hope by William Kamkwamba Unbowed by Wangari Maathai On  Nature in Memoir The Solace of Open Spaces by Gretel Ehrlich Desert Solitaire by Edward Abbey Refuge: An Unnatural History of Family and Place by Terry Tempest Williams A Walk in the Woods: Rediscovering America on the Appalachian Trail by Bill Bryson Walden by Henry David Thoreau Pilgrim at Tinker Creek by Annie Dillard Trace: Memory, History, Race and the American Landscape by Lauret Savoy Mississippi Solo: A River Quest by Eddy Harris Tales from Concrete Jungles: Urban Birding around the World by David Lindo An  Extra Dose of Beauty, Just for Good Measure Black Nature: Four Centuries of African American Nature Poetry by Camille Dungy (ed.) Intimate Nature: The Bond Between Women and Animals by Linda Hogan (ed.) Sisters of the Earth: Women’s Prose and Poetry about Nature by Lorraine Anderson The Woman Who Fell from the Sky: Poems by Joy Harjo After and Before the Lightning by Simon Ortiz

The Telstar Scenario Conflict With Multiple Failures

The Telstar scenario describes a conflict with multiple failings. Firstly it resulted in a faulty product. Secondly, it reduced the relationship between the Structures Manager (SM) and the Project Manager (PM). It appears that neither party tailored conflict management techniques to the conflict. This conflict is between two people with differing positions: one believes that the work should be carried out, the other does not. Fisher and Ury (2012, p14) state that â€Å"positional bargaining becomes a contest of will† meaning that one party will end up bending to the will of the other, causing resentment and anger. (Fisher and Ury, 2012) When interests, as well as positions, are considered this will improve the negotiations. (Funken, 2001) The interests may have been missed due to both parties seeing this as a conflict of control (Fisher and Ury, 2010) and using the Thomas-Kilmann method competing. (Bens, 2012) But their outcomes are different: the PM ‘wins’ and the SM ‘loses’ without attempting to find a win-win solution or to compromise. This not only means that they fail to find options, but will hinder relationships between the teams, potentially affecting future projects. To be concluded successfully, this conflict could act as the storming phase of Tuckman’s stages of group development (White, 2009) this conflict could be part of a cultural change in the organisation: to collaboration between functions which will add value to this and future projects. It is easy for a

Facts, Fiction and Comparison and Contrast Essay Topics List

Facts, Fiction and Comparison and Contrast Essay Topics List The One Thing to Do for Comparison and Contrast Essay Topics List There are a number of methods in which you can make certain that their thesis is deemed top notch. To put it simply, compare and contrast method to analyze and find the similarities and differences between both topics. In a lot of sections of text's key body you are supposed to demonstrate different contrast or compare points. There are two common strategies to compose the composition. The instance is India that is democracy not republic. Beowulf and Churchill, however, are a lot more different heroes than it may appear to be. Third try to come up with the most important point of your argument. There are many groups which are under the umbrella of evangelical. In the span of obtaining an education, students must deal with distinct tasks and overcome many challenges of different complexity. My college instructional pursuits. There's, obviously, a limit on the range of pages even our finest writers can produce with a pressing deadline, but usually, we figure out how to satisfy all the clients seeking urgent assistance. The pen is actually a fascinating device. Using our professional essay writing service, you obtain a range of free services including absolutely free revisions, absolutely free cover page and outline, completely free formatting upon request, absolutely free editing, and totally free essay shipping. You've got an entire collection of things to compare. The tips below will make sure that the thesis written is of high quality. For instance, something as easy as adding new info on your internet site creates another selling opportunity when prospects and customers go to your website to find the new info. There are lots of hints and methods to assist you in capturing a reader's interest. Additionally, a customer may ask the writer to submit part of the job for review and, if needed, ask them to make corrections. Therefore, many students and employees decide to acquire cheap essay rather than writing it themselves. Homeschool high school students will be certain to delight in some of this week's lighthearted topics. Students that need over a list of good topics may hire professional academic writers online to acquire the maximum grade with no distinctive efforts. Start looking for the best ideas shared by the best students in the lists below. Citations and extracts from assorted sources have to be formatted properly. Inside this paper, it's appropriate to use easily comparable subjects. Take a look at our compare and contrast essay samples to observe how to compose essays of this sort by yourself. In these instances, you should compose an essay or report to go over your ideas about the subject. You're able to attract books, movies or articles which are discussing exactly the same topic you're likely to approach in your essay. This informative article puts more focus on subjects and topic for these kinds of essays since without a great subject, you could end up getting stuck and need to start over and over again. Emphasize the thesis and say the reason why this topic is crucial. Writing an excellent essay might be a bit of cake if you're feeling inspired. Before you start to compare the 2 subjects, research to acquire more knowledge on the topics you're writing about. Students learn how to analyze details about two subjects. While preparing the text, you will need to see that you should separate these 2 topics from one another. Most the topics utilized for writing process essays are associated with academics. There are various topics that one may use in writing process essays. This list deals with a number of the easy to write essay topics.

The Rise and Fall of Enron Free Essays

The meteoric rise and fall of Enron is one of the most notorious tales in the history of corporate America. Enron was the seventh-largest company in the United States in 2000 and ‘Fortune’ magazine had declared it as America’s â€Å"most innovative company† for six straight years; its share price had climbed from $ 10 a share in 1991 to over $ 90 a share in August 2000 while its revenue jumped to more than $100 billion. (â€Å"Rise and Fall of an Energy Giant†) No one could have predicted that before the end of the following year the â€Å"rising star† of corporate America would be filing for bankruptcy, shaking investor confidence to the core and signalling the end of the longest bull-run in the American stock exchange’s history. We will write a custom essay sample on The Rise and Fall of Enron or any similar topic only for you Order Now The ramifications of the dramatic collapse still reverberate in global financial and energy markets as well the U.S. courts, where a number of former Enron managers face serious criminal charges. This fairy tale rise and ignominious fall of Enron is the subject of this paper. The Pipeline and Energy Company: Enron Corporation was formed as a result of a 1985 merger of Houston Natural Gas (HNG) and InterNorth-a Nebraska based gas pipeline company. Kenneth Lay, CEO of HNG, became Enron’s first CEO and proceeded to make it the first nationwide natural gas pipeline. Enron soon became involved in in the transmission and distribution of electricity in addition to gas in the US as well as the development, construction, and operation of power plants and pipelines worldwide. Its profits were, however, modest as in those days, energy was a government-sanctioned monopoly. (Lindstorm) Taking Advantage of Deregulation: Things began to change as the gas and electricity sectors were deregulated by the early 1990s. Kenneth Lay decided to take advantage of the deregulation and hired Jeffery Skilling a young consultant with a banking and liability management background, in 1990-making him the CEO of a new division in Enron- the Enron Finance Corp. The duo proceeded to transform Enron from a ‘boringly predictable’ and regulated Gas Company into one of the largest energy traders in the US that would eventually dominate the trading of energy contracts and financial instruments known as derivatives. Trading Becomes the Mantra: As Enron’s revenues sky-rocketed in its initial forays into wholesale buying and selling of gas and electricity, Skilling was emboldened to extend the trading concept into almost any commodity that could be traded, i.e., futures contracts in coal, paper, steel, water and even weather. Taking advantage of the growing use of the Internet, Enron started Enron Online (EOL) in October 1999-an electronic commodities trading Web site that was hugely successful almost overnight. Skilling hired the brightest talent from the top MBA schools and turned them into high-flying traders with incentives to â€Å"eat what they killed.† (Thomas, para on â€Å"The Best, the Brightest†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ) While the company grew rapidly through the 1990s, â€Å"some of the worst manifestations of its culture-obsessions with bonuses, the stock price and exotic accounting-were also growing, and out of control.† (Fowler, â€Å"Enron’s Implosion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ) Enron did make huge profits for a short while due to highly volatile energy prices, and there was widespread perception in the company about the unlimited potential of online trade and technology innovations such as the broadband. Things started to change in the late 1990s. Other energy companies such as Dynergy, Duke Energy, and El Paso had entered the field of energy trading and the competition started to eat into the huge profit margins of Enron. Other factors such as falling energy prices in early 2001, the approaching worldwide recession and the broadband bubble burst began to work against Enron’s ‘dream’ run. The company, in the meantime, had embarked on a culture of cutting trading deals that had a momentum of its own that was hard to stop. Disregarding Ethics: Ethics at Enron was put on the back-burner as its corporate culture was focused on making â€Å"deals† and increasing Enron’s share value. Skilling was relentless in his push for creativity and competitiveness, giving rise to â€Å"a growth-at-any-cost culture,† overriding all checks and balances, and suppressing all voices of caution. (Fowler) Its ‘ethics’ was personified by Kenneth Lay’s exercising of his stock options and pocketing profits, even as he was promoting Enron shares as a bargain to employees. It was also reflected in the action of some Enron executives who pressurized a brokerage company to take action against a broker who advised some Enron workers to sell their shares. (Wee, â€Å"Corporate Ethics†) Dubious Accounting: It was hardly surprising, therefore, that several Enron resorted to â€Å"innovative† accounting practices to show inflated profits and hiding their losses. Under Andrew Fastow (Enron’s Chief Financial Officer) personal guidance, the company made use of thousands of Special Purpose Entities (SPEs), some of them owned by Fastow himself, to â€Å"park† its troubled assets that were falling in value, so that the balance sheet continued to show growing profits. Conflict of Interest: Despite serious accounting irregularities, no one was prepared to blow the whistle because of conflicts of interest of several key players. Enron’s auditor, Arthur Anderson was also its consultant and stood to gain from ‘seeing no evil’; Kenneth Lay was busy exercising his stock options before the share value fell. J.P. Morgan, while underwriting bonds for Enron, was involved in trading derivatives contracts with the company and had a substantial share in Enron stock. Andrew Fastow was making millions in profits by doing business with the firm through secret limited partnerships. As a result, although the fall of Enron when it filed for bankruptcy in December 2001 seemed stunningly sudden to most people, conditions for the collapse had been brewing for a long time. How to cite The Rise and Fall of Enron, Essay examples

Wordsworth AO3 and AO4 Flashcard

Wordsworth AO3 and AO4

Collectivistic and Individualistic Cultures essays

Collectivistic and Individualistic Cultures essays The main goal of the science of psychology is to discover and generate knowledge about people and their behavior. Studying the cultural aspect of the science adds yet another piece to the puzzle of psychology. By definition, cultural psychology includes cultural similarities and differences in behavior with its main theories. The research pertaining to the study of crossing cultures in a psychological aspect is done by examining the behaviors, beliefs and reactions of people from different cultural backgrounds. To simplify the study of cultural psychology, cultures have been initially divided into two types. The types included are collectivistic cultures and individualistic cultures and the two are seemingly at opposite ends of the spectrum of psychology. However, there are also etics, that is aspects that are universal across cultures, present in the comparison of the two types of cultures. Aspects that differ from one culture to another are known as emics, and a major goal of scientists engaged in the study of cultures is to determine which aspects of human behavior should be classified as etics and which as emics. Here, Id like to explore an overview of some of both. People who belong to individualistic cultures, such as the Unites States, see themselves as individuals, separate from the societal group. Highly individualistic cultures encourage people to take care of themselves and make life decisions based on their individual needs. Individualists tend to give priority to ones own goals and define their identities in terms of personal attributes. Because of this, they generally possess what is known as an independent construal of self, which simply defines what I have already stated; the individuals focus on internal and personal attributions. This explains the fact that individualists are more likely to prejudge people based on the obvious personal a...

8 Good Presents for College Students to Give to Mom

8 Good Presents for College Students to Give to Mom Gift-giving occasions like Christmas, Hanukkah and Mothers Day often come at a rough time for college students. They tend to fall at the end of the semester, a time when finals are quickly approaching and funds may be running low. Still, you want to show your mom youre thinking of her and appreciate everything shes done for you. Given those limitations, college students sometimes need to be a little creative when it comes to giving gifts. Gifts to Give If You Have a Little Cash 1. Share your school pride. Swing by the campus bookstore for some mom-themed school paraphernalia. See if you can snag one of those [your university name here] Mom T-shirts or sweatshirts so she can show off how proud she is to have a kid in college. 2. Go with a classic. Send her a bouquet of her favorite flowers, or incorporate that flower into a more affordable arrangement. You can find an online seller or contact a local florist in your hometown, and be sure to ask if they offer a student discount or have a promo code for first-time buyers. Keep at mind prices might spike during times of high demand (like Mothers Day), so consider sending hers a few days early. Youll save some money while still letting her know you care. 3. Show her how generous she taught you to be. If your mom has a favorite charity, make a donation in her name. Not only is it thoughtful, its budget friendly because you can choose to donate however much you can afford (and you dont need to tell her how much you spent). Gifts Even Broke College Students Can Afford 1. Say thanks. Take a picture of yourself holding a big piece of paper or poster saying THANKS! in front of your school. You can put it on the front of a homemade card or put it in a frame. 2. Give her your time. Make a coupon redeemable for some quality time together when youre not in school. It can be good for a cup of coffee, lunch, dinner or dessert - your treat, of course. 3. Give her something shes given you. Offer to make her a homemade dinner when you get home. Even if youre just learning to cook or are limited in the kitchen, there are plenty of easy recipes for college students you can try. At the very least, shell appreciate the effort. 4. Take some time to write down your thoughts. It can be really hard to find the perfect card in a store, so make one yourself. Most moms would rather have an original, sincere, handwritten card than another generic gift anyway. 5. Pick up the phone. Dont forget to call! If you have room to improve in the call Mom department, consider giving a gift of setting a weekly phone date for you two to check in with each other.

All Quiet on the Western Front Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

All Quiet on the Western Front - Essay Example The main themes of this piece are specifically the emotional, physical, and psychological impacts of combat. In addition, the focus of the piece has to do with friendships and interaction between people that function as a means of getting through horrific situations. One of the elements of this piece is the concept of new technology. The advent of tanks, poisonous gases, and trenches appears throughout the story illustrating the butchery taking place. These new technological advances only aided in more precise and efficient killing. They also removed the killer a bit from who he was killing. In other words, placing a tank between two people depersonalizes the action of murder. One of the heavier themes in this piece is the idea of nationalism and its hypocrisy. During the time period that this piece was written, nationalism was on the rise and acted as a catalyst for the first world war. Many authors that wrote about the war glorified the idea of nationalism, patriotism, and fighting for one’s country. This piece was opposite to the notion of nationalism and patriotism. In fact, Remarque emphasis the idea that the soldiers are not fighting for country at all but rather to survive. Even though Paul is lured into the idea of joining the German army by his schoolmaster, Kantorek, he no sooner becomes a soldier and realizes the waste and meaninglessness of war. At one point, Paul returns home on leave and discovers how damaged he has become by the war, †And even if these scenes of our youth were given back to us we would hardly know what to do. . . . I believe we are lost†(). The reader follows Paul through the story as he loses friends one by one, â€Å"Our knowledge of life is limited to death† (Chapter Ten). In the end of the piece, it is the loss of Kat that seems to unravel Paul completely. He loses hope and stops caring. Kat was initially injured and when Paul was carrying him on his back to safety, Kat sustained a lethal head

Did the government bail outs actually work Term Paper

Did the government bail outs actually work - Term Paper Example Though counter to his conservative ideology, Bush relented and worked with Congress to pass TARP, the Troubled Asset Relief Program, a move applauded by then presidential candidate Barack Obama. TARP and the auto bailout were and remain controversial topics. These were big gambles that, with all the associated drawbacks, paid big dividends. The bailouts saved a major American industry, the world from the Great Depression, the sequel and millions of people from living in â€Å"Bushvilles.† TARP, otherwise known as the â€Å"bank bailout,† was hurriedly implemented in 2008 as the world appeared on the threshold of a catastrophic financial meltdown. To stabilize financial markets, Congress authorized the Treasury Department to spend $700 billion, a move that caused widespread public outcry against the program. Most economists, however, understood that the move played a central role in rescuing the global economy. The Treasury didn’t use the entire amount though. It spent $470 billion on hundreds of banks, the auto industry and trying to help prevent home foreclosures. Treasury calculated that the total lifetime cost for taxpayers to be $17 billion in losses from the investments in the auto industry and auto finance companies plus a $46 billion loss from mortgage modification programs. â€Å"By any measure, TARP’s final tally will be far less than expected amid the crisis. But the program remains a big loser politically.† (â€Å"Credit,† 2010). According to a Treasury Department official Timothy Massad, Read Mthe federal government successfully stopped the 2008 financial crisis by â€Å"acting with overwhelming force and speed.† â€Å"The actions we took to stabilize the crisis worked. We really did arrest the panic,† said Massad. In addition, the financial regulatory reforms implemented the past three years have afforded economic policymakers enhanced tools to scrutinize systemic risk and better manage future crises. The U.S. government’s rapid and robust actions are in contrast with how European Union countries handled their banking crisis. â€Å"We’ve seen Europe struggle with its problems for two years. They haven’t been able to act as forcefully with their problems.† (Mowbray, 2011) To gain a little perspective, TARP and other government actions taken due to the financial crisis will cost taxpayers less than the savings and loan debacle during the 1980s, as a percentage of GDP (gross domestic product). Following the initial payout, President Obama continued the attempt to revive the financial system by implementing a scheme to help banks raise private money so that they can pay the government back. The Obama administration forced the 19 biggest banks to submit to a â€Å"stress test† to give potential investors confidence that those banks were solvent and reporting accurate financial records. Consequently, â€Å"banks have been able to raise enoug h private capital that today banks totaling only about 8 percent of bank holding companies by assets still have TARP money, down from 75 percent at the dawn of the crisis.† (Mowbray, 2011) Another element of the Obama administration’s reaction to the financial

Blood Pressure And Pulse Lab Physical Education Essay

Blood Pressure And Pulse Lab Physical Education Essay The purpose of the blood pressure and pulse lab was to test many variables which could have an effect on blood pressure and pulse. The variable tested in this lab was the, Effects of Changes in Posture, the Effects of Exercise, and the Effects of Cognitive Stress on Mean Arterial Pressure and Heart Rate. Background: Blood is an essential factor for all living organisms. Blood is an important fluid within our bodies which delivers oxygen, nutrients and essential substances, to cells throughout the body. Blood also has the function of transporting various wastes materials / products, such as carbon dioxide, from various body cells through the respiratory and excretory organs. The activities performed in the blood pressure and pulse lab examined the rate at which blood flows throughout the body, and which factors would either increase or decrease the blood pressure, being the pressure of the blood within the circulatory system, and pulse pressure. Blood flow and blood pressure is determined by two distinct factors. These factors are the force needed to push the blood through the blood vessel and the amount of resistance of blood flow through the blood vessel. The average normal blood pressure in a healthy individual should be around 120/80 BP, but it is stressed that the blood pressure should remai n a little lower than this pressure. The sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system plays an important role in blood pressure and heart rate. The sympathetic nervous system through the Cardio acceleratory center increases heart rate in fight or flight situations. While the parasympathetic nervous system uses the cardio inhibitory center to decrease the heart rate. The mechanical events of the cardiac cycle are the sequences of events which take place in order for the heart to work properly. In the cardiac cycle there are two distinct phases. These two phases are the diastole phase and the systole phase. In the medical field the diastolic pressure and the systolic pressure are measured with the use of a stethoscope and Sphygmomanometer. The measure of pulse pressure refers to the difference between the systolic number (Top) and the diastolic number (Bottom). The normal blood pressure of a healthy individual is 120/80 BP; in this instance, the pulse pressure would equal 40mmHg (120 80 = 40mmHg). Blood pressure is constantly fluctuating; because of this doctors need to take an average blood pressure to adequately check for any complications in their parents. The average blood pressure is called the mean arterial pressure (MAP). To begin to calculated the mean arterial pressure one must first start by calculating the pulse pressure (PP). The Puls e pressure can be calculated by taking the difference between the systolic pressure (SP) and the diastolic pressure (DP); (PP = SP DP).Using the Pulse pressure the mean arterial pressure can be calculated. The mean arterial pressure is equal to a third of the pulse pressure plus the diastolic pressure (MAP = DP + (PP*1/3) ). The basic mechanical events of the cardiac cycle can be deduced into four phases. Phase one in the cardiac cycle is referred to as the First Diastole Phase. During the first diastole phase, the atria and ventricles within the heart are fully relaxed, as the Atrioventricular valves remain open. This allows De-oxygenated blood to flow to the right atrium, from both the superior and inferior vena cavae. The rate in which blood flows back into the heart is given the term Venous Return (De-oxygenated blood). The muscles incorporated in exercise require a lot of oxygen in order to perform their function, as a result there would be an increase in venous return. Blood within the right atrium is emptied into the right ventricle though the Atrioventricular or Tricuspid valve. At the end of diastole (the loading or filling phase), the amount of blood accumulated in the right or left is referred to as the end-diastolic volume (EDV). The second phase of the cardiac cycle is referred to as the first systolic phase. During this phase the right ventricle receives incoming electrical signals from the purkinje fibers, which are the fibered branches which extend from the Atrioventricular bundle, in the intraventricular sulcus of the heart, and are dispersed from the apex of the heart. The purkinje fibers signal the ventricles to contract, which closes the Atrioventricular valves and forces the semilunar valves to open, pushing de-oxygenated blood into the pulmonary arteries. The pulmonary arteries function is to prevent the flow of blood back into the right ventricle. All of the blood is never fully ejected from the ventricles after systole. The amount of blood which remains in the ventricle at the end systole is known as end-systolic volume (ESV). The end-diastolic volume and the end-systolic help to calculate the stroke volume (SV) which is the volume of blood ejected from one ventricle during each beat. The stroke v olume can be calculated by taking the difference between end-diastolic volume and end-systolic volume, (SV = EDV ESV). The stroke volume can also be used to calculate the cardiac output, or the rate at which blood is ejected from the heart, (CO = HR x SV). In the second diastolic phase, the semilunar valves are closed and the Atrioventricular valves are opened, as a result oxygenated blood within the pulmonary veins and beings to fill within the left atrium. At the same time, blood from both vena cavae fills within the right atrium. The mitral valve closes preventing any oxygenated blood from flowing back within the left atrium. In the second systolic phase, Atrioventricular valves close and semilunar valves open. Similar to the first systolic phase, Purkinje fibers send messages to the ventricles signaling them to contract, in which oxygenated blood is pumped into the aorta. The aortic semilunar valve prevents any oxygenated blood from pumping directly back into the left ventricle. Hypothesis: Posture Changes Reclining for 3 minutes It is expected that arterial pressure and pulse rate would most likely decrease; when someone is resting the body is controlled by the parasympathetic system which uses the cardio inhibitory center to decrease heart rate. Standing up quickly after reclining for 3 minutes It is expected that arterial pressure and pulse rate will increase, when the subject is in the standing position versus when they are laying down their blood has to overcome gravity and the heart has to work harder to produce the force necessary to push blood to the upper limbs. Standing at attention for 3 minutes It is expected that arterial pressure will decrease compare to standing up quickly after reclining for 3 minutes, because 3 minutes is a long enough period for the body to adjust to the effects of gravity and to assess the force needed to pump blood to the upper extremities. It is hypothesized that the standing at attention for 3 minutes data will be an intermediate between the reclining test and the standing up quickly after reclining test. Exercise Immediately after exercising it is expected that arterial pressure and pulse pressure will increase, because muscles involved in the exercise demand more oxygen which will increase the amount of venous return and increase the heart rate and pulse pressure. One, Two, and Three, minutes post exercise It is expected that arterial and pulse pressure will decrease compared to immediate testing after exercise. As the individual begins to rest after strenuous exercise the body begins to incorporate the parasympathetic nervous system and through the cardio inhibitor center, it begins to decrease the heart rate. Cognitive Stress It is expected that cognitive stress will increase the blood pressure slightly, because stress is believed to trigger the sympathetic nervous to increase the heart rate. Procedure For Procedures, Refer to Lab 6, Activity 2, in the Anatomy and Physiology Lab Manual Data Results: Lab Activities Data Tables Proper use of the Sphygmomanometer: Subject: Brianna Burton Systolic Pressure Diastolic Pressure Pulse Pressure MAP Trial 1 110mmHg 70mmHg 80mmHg 83.33 mmHg We were told by the instructor there was no need to perform a trial 2 Effect of Postural Changes Subject: Same as above Blood Pressure Pulse Rate MAP Sitting Quietly (Baseline) 110/70 mmHg 80 BPM 83.33 mmHg Reclining (After 2-3 minutes) 110/70 mmHg 76 BPM 83.33 mmHg Immediately Upon Standing 118/78 mmHg 92 BPM 91.33 mmHg After Standing for 3 Minutes 112/72 mmHg 85 BPM 85.33 mmHg Exercise Subject: (Well-Conditioned) Aaron Banks Fitness Index: 50 Subject: (Poorly-Conditioned) Justin Kim Fitness Index: 44 Baseline Immediately 1 Minute 2 Minutes 3 Minutes 4 minutes 5 Minutes Well-Conditioned Subject BP: 130/80 mmHg BP: 132/80 mmHg BP: 128/70 mmHg BP: 120/78 mmHg BP: 110/68 mmHg BP: 110/72 mmHg BP:108/72 mmHg HR: 90 BPM HR: 101 BPM HR: 103 BPM HR: 100 BPM HR: 98 BPM HR: 98 BPM HR: 87 BPM MAP: 96.67 mmHg MAP: 97.33 mmHg MAP: 89.33 mmHg MAP: 92 mmHg MAP:86.67 mmHg MAP: 84 mmHg MAP: 84 mmHg Poorly-Conditioned Subject BP: 122/98 mmHg BP: 128/90 mmHg BP: 138/86 mmHg BP: 120/82 mmHg BP: 122/90 mmHg BP: 122/90 mmHg BP:118/96 mmHg HR: 82 BPM HR: 120 BPM HR: 119 BPM HR: 111 BPM HR: 110 BPM HR: 110 BPM HR: 108 BPM MAP: 106 mmHg MAP: 102.67 mmHg MAP: 103.33 mmHg MAP: 94.67 mmHg MAP: 106.67 mmHg MAP: 100.67 mmHg MAP: 103.33 mmHg Cognitive Stressor Subject: Nika Condition Max HR Min HR Mean HR Systolic BP Diastolic BP Pulse Pressure MAP Baseline 1 100 BPM 82 BPM 89 BPM 134 mmHg 91 mmHg 43 mmHg 105.3 mmHg Spell Forward 96 BPM 83 BPM 91 BPM 108 mmHg 88 mmHg 20 mmHg 94.7 mmHg Spell Back 112 BPM 84 BPM 92 BPM 111 mmHg 89 mmHg 29 mmHg 96.3 mmHg Number of misspelled words forward = 1 Number of misspelled words backward = 3 Discussion: The purpose of the blood pressure and pulse lab was to test many variables which could have an effect on blood pressure and pulse. The variables tested in this lab were the, Effects of Changes in Posture, the Effects of Exercise, and the Effects of Cognitive Stress on Mean Arterial Pressure and Heart Rate. In activities the variable being tested is the Effects of Changes in Posture. For the baseline the subject, in this case Brianna, sat quietly as her baseline blood pressure, pulse rate, was tested, and her mean arterial pressure (MAP) was calculated. The results for Briannas blood pressure was 110/70 mmHg, which is about the average blood pressure (120/70 mmHg) in a healthy individual. Her Pulse pressure was 80 beats per minute (BPM). Given these values her baseline MAP, was calculated to be 83.33 mmHg (MAP = 70 + ((110 70))*1/3) ). In the next test, the effect of reclining for 2-3 minutes was tested. In this test, after reclining for 2-3 minutes, her blood pressure, and MAP remained the same as the Baseline test. It was observed that her pulse rate did in fact decrease: (80 > 76 BPM), though it is not known if this decrease in the pulse rate is significant enough. In the hypothesis above it was expected that arterial pressure and pulse rate would most likely decrease when someone i s resting because parasympathetic nervous system would begin to signal the body to relax affecting the cardiac centers (CAC deactivated CIC activated). The activation of the cardio inhibitory center decreases the heart rate and pulse pressure. For the next test the Effect of standing quickly after 3 minutes of reclining was tested. Immediately after standing up, her Blood pressure, Pulse rate and MAP was determined. Her blood pressure was 118/78 mmHg, her Pulse Rate was 92 BPM and her MAP was 91.33 mmHg. The MAP was calculated by using the formula: (91.33 mmHg = 78 + ((118-78))*1/3)). During this test Briannas Blood pressure, Pulse Rate and MAP significantly increased, ((BP: 110/70 >> 118/78 mmHg) (PR: 80 >> 92 BPM) (MAP: 83.33 >> 91.33 mmHg) as expected in the hypothesis. In the hypothesis it was expected that arterial pressure and pulse rate would increase, when the subject is in the standing position versus when they are lying down. When Brianna quickly stood up her heart had to overcome the effects of gravity; the heart has to work harder to produce the force needed to effectively push blood to the upper limbs and the head. Also immediately standing activates the sympathetic nervous system, which activates the CAC incr easing heart rate. This hypothesis is accepted, based on her data the blood pressure, pulse rate and MAP did in fact increase when she stood up. Next we tested the Effects after standing for 3 minutes. After standing for 3 minutes Briannas blood pressure was 112/72 mmHg and her pulse rate was 85 BPM. Given these values her MAP for this test was calculated to be 85.33 mmHg (MAP = 72 + (112-72)*1/3). In the hypothesis it is expected that the arterial pressure would have decreased compared to the standing up quickly after reclining for 3 minutes test. It was hypothesized that arterial pressure would decrease because 3 minutes is a long enough period from the body to properly adjust to the effects of gravity and to assess the force needed to pump blood to the upper extremities. As stated in the hypothesis the blood pressure, pulse rate and MAP did in fact decrease based on the standing for 3 minutes test, because of this, the hypothesis can be accepted (BP: 110/70 >> 112/72 mmHg) (PR: 80 >> 85)) (MAP: 83.33 mmHg >> 85.33) In the next test, we tested the effects of exercise on the Body, comparing a well-conditioned person and a poor-conditioned person. For the first test a well-conditioned person was chosen. The baseline BP for this individual was around 132/80 mmHg. Immediately after exercise the blood pressure was 132/80 mmHg. This shows that there was an increase of blood pressure dependent on the effects of exercise. In the hypothesis it is expected that arterial pressure and pulse pressure will, increase, because muscles involved in the exercise also increase the venous return which will increase heart rate. For this test as hypothesized the Heart rate also increased (90 >> 101 BPM). After 5 minutes of resting the blood pressure and Heart of the subject decreased lower than the baseline, indicating some level of human error in reading the equipment effectively. Despite this, it is found that the blood pressure and pulse rate at 5 minutes was significantly lower from the baseline in the well-condit ioned person vs. the poor conditioned person. In the poor conditioned person. Their baseline blood pressure was 122/98 mmHg and after exercising for 5 minutes it was 128/90 mmHg. After 5 minutes the poor conditioned persons blood pressure was 118/96 mmHg. Again in this experiment its hard to compare the two subjects because there seems to be some human errors in effectively checking the blood pressure since it is lower than the baseline. After 5 minutes the well-conditioned persons systolic pressure dropped from 128>>108 SP despite the diastolic pressure increasing from 70 >> 72 mmHg DP. The fitness index to the well-conditioned person was 50 and 44 for the poor conditioned person. Based on the fitness index both subjects display the poorest physical conditioning possible. For the final test the effects of cognitive stress was tested. Based on this experiments results it is difficult to determine whether or not cognitive stress had any effect on the blood pressure. It was hypothesized that cognitive stress would increase heart rate because stress activates the sympathetic nervous system, which increases the heart rate. There seems to be no correlation between cognitive stress and heart rate, so the hypothesis is rejected.

Nature nurture debate Essay

Critically compare how the nature/nurture debate has been addressed by three different researchers or schools of thought in psychology and/or philosophy. At least ones of the researchers/schools must have been active before the 20th century. The nature nurture debate has been a traditional argument for centuries between numerous psychologists. The debate questions whether human abilities are innate or obtained through experience. All through history, psychologists have not been able to come to an agreement with the debate of nature and nurture. Even though all psychologists have not been able to agree on the same views, there are several ypotheses that have been tested. This essay will critically compare the relative importance of the debate through defining the key terms nature and nurture, focussing on three schools in psychology- Behaviourism, Psychoanalysis and Cognitive; discussing their findings involved and using evidence to back up arguments used throughout. Nature is defined as human-beings come into the world as intuitive store of knowledge and understanding of reality (Smith et al 2003 p. ). In other words the Nature side of the debate believes that everyone is born with some sort of information. Smith et al (2003 p. ) also defined Nurture as being â€Å"knowledge being acquired through experience and interactions of the world. This suggests that everyone is born as a blank slate and learn everything through the environment around us. Structuralism was one of the earliest schools that came about prior to the 20t h century due to the Work of Wilhelm Wundt. It was the first school of thought to be established. The paradigm of structuralism is primarily concerned with the structure of the human psyche, and it does not address historical aspects or change in culture† (Lett 1987, Rubel and Rosman 1996). Wilhelm Wundt was interested in tudying mental experiences. His psychology relied on the natural sciences, and he believed that psychology was all about conscious experience. The method known as introspection was brought into play with Wundt believing that trained observers could illustrate thoughts, feelings and emotions through the use of this procedure. Cited online: (Kendra Cherry 2012). Wundt defined introspection as â€Å"the examination of one’s own mental state† (Schultz D, P & Schultz S, E. 2008 p. ) This suggests that introspection can be seen as a self examination. In his work of introspection he wanted to identify aspects to do with mental experience. To support this Nevid, J. S (2009 p. 7) proposed that â€Å"Wundt used introspection as a method of elaborating the basic structures of mental experience in the structure of feelings, perceptions and sensations. † What’s more, Edward B. Titchener (1867-1927) who became a disciple of Wilhelm Wundt. Titchener collaborated with Wundt on the method known as introspection and the pair decided together to attempt the construction of Ones mind, in terms of breaking down mental experiences into their component parts (Nevid, J. S 2009). As regards to the nature- nurture debate, some theorists may see Structuralism being slightly more on the nurture side, since Wundt’s explains the experiences within a person. However, Structuralism mainly falls towards the nature side of the debate which he talks about internal reasons, that Wundt proposes the experience of a person and those experiences are caused by the environment. nconscious drives. Initially, psychology should be scientific and should always be able to measure the things you’re studying. Also, introspection could be seen as lacking in reliability and the construction of and individual’s brain can be seen as too subjective (Moore 2011). Therefore, the work by Wundt and his disciple Titchener would not be seen v alid. Another school of thought is Behaviourism. It was introduced in the early 20th century by John B. Watson and was the primary paradigm in psychology around this time. Behaviourism is mostly concerned with observable behaviour as opposed to internal events like thinking† (McLeod, S. A. 2007). â€Å"The emphasis was placed upon identifying the external factors and produce changes in behaviour, learning or conditioning using a ‘stimulus response’ model† (Malim ; Birch 1998 cited in Ingleby et al 2010). John B. Watson (1978-1958) gnored Structuralism views, when he considered that the only area under discussion that psychologists ought to consider was that of behaviour, and he rejected the consciousness theory. ). Watson did not believe in introspection being any part of his school of thoughts. He believed that behaviourism would eliminate all initiatives that Structuralism invented. Supporting this Dewey, R (2007) proposes that â€Å"Watson implied the behaviourists would completely remove introspection from psychology. † Watson strong interest into classical conditioning and controlling the emotions of human behaviour lead to his study of ‘little Albert’ experiment. Previously, in the 1890s Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov was interested in classical conditioning, and lead to him looking at salivation in dogs when they were being fed. The introduction to PavloVs work on classical conditioning influenced Watson to then prepare his study on little Albert. â€Å"Watson was interested in taking Pavlov’s research further to show that emotional reactions could be classically conditioned in people† (Cherry, K. 2012). The study consisted of Watson and Raynor in 1920, exposing an orphan ‘little Albert’ with a series of stimuli, the famous stimuli of all; a white rat, and then observed little Albert’s reactions to it. Little Albert did not show any sign of fear when the rat was exposed. Watson then showed Albert the rat again but making a loud noise. As expected from a youngster, he began to cry after hearing the noise. Each time after that, Watson showed the child the rat and he began to cry automatically. Therefore showing that Watson had conditioned and emotional response of fear with the child when the loud noise was paired with the rabbit cited in (Nicholas, L. 2008). Consequently, Watson was able to show that emotional responses can be conditioned or learned. He then concluded that phobias were most likely conditioned responses. Watson was similar to Freud, that early childhood experiences influenced the adult personality. Watson differed from Freud in that he had behavioural evidence that learned responses in childhood transferred across stimuli and environments† as cited in (Watson et al. 1920). Watson was a proponent of the nurture debate and believed that all individuals’ differences were down to the result of learning. Another psychologist that engages into the nurture debate is Bandura (1961) who conducted a study to investigate if social behaviors can be obtained by imitation. The results supported his Social learning theory. McLeod, S. A. 2011) put forward the results from Bandura’s study as â€Å"Children learn social behavior such as aggression through the process of observation learning – through watching the behavior of another century. This is the school that stresses the importance of the unconscious mind. Psychoanalysis is made up of infantile experiences and for many alongside biological instincts or drives, particularly sexual ones Cones 2001). Therefore thi s takes both nature and nurture perspectives into account. Freud is one of the most endowed and the most complex, figures in the history of psychology Cited in (Glassman & Hadad 009). Freud’s theory can be used to question the behaviourist approach, due to their view that the environment influences and individual’s notion and behaviour. However Freud believes that the human thought and behaviour is more complex than this. â€Å"Freud proposes that the mind is a combination of all conscious and unconscious thoughts† (Malim and birch 1998:9, Cited in Ingleby et al 2010). Freud proposed a three part structure to personality; ‘d, ego and the superego. These three components all have their own individual principles. They are mental processes or systems and not actual physical structures (Griggs 2009). The ld consists of being the source of all basic drives. The ego is the part of the personality that mediates between the ld and the Superego. It is the most pragmatic part of the personality and it finds gratification for instinctual drives within the constraints of norms and society (Griggs 2009). The superego opposes the demands of the ‘d, and is known as the conscience of ones mind. It was the last structure to develop. It is known as the ‘morality principle’ as it represents the moral demands of family and society, and opposes the desire for immediate gratification (Glassman & Hadad 2009). Freud also developed a process that the ego used which is known as the defence mechanism. This is the process which the ego used to protect humans for anxiety. Additionally, moving on from the inequity of the three personality structures, Freud emphasised the importance that childhood experiences impact personality, and this is how he lead to his theory of the psychosexual stages. These stages engaged in the different points that children experienced throughout their childhood. Freud stressed the importance of nature playing a major role throughout each of these stages that children went through (Feshbach et al, 1991). Erik Erikson one of the major neo-Freudian theorists, expanded on Freud’s theory. He developed eight psychosocial stages that he believed each individual came across throughout their life (Glassman ; Hadad 2009). Erikson proposed that an individuals life span , matured throughout their life span, whilst Freud considered that out personality is formed at the age of 5 (Miller 1983). In addition to Freud’s work, psychologist Carl Jung who is best known for his theory of the Collective unconscious established a rapport between the conscious and unconscious. Although Jung agreed with Freud ith the existence of the Unconscious, he believed that Freud failed to explain details about the presence of archetypes within human minds† (Smith 2003 p. 464). Overall, Psychoanalysis accounts for both nature and nurture debate, where Freud and Jung were interested in the unconscious mind; relying on the nature, however Freud also put forward the influence of child experience repres enting the nurture debate. Therefore this school of thought indicates a combination of both nature and nurture. To conclude, there are a number ‘Thoughts of schools† that provide evidence for both Nature and Nurture debate.

Essay on The History of Accounting - 1013 Words

The origin of accounting primarily consists of the establishment of human society and commerce. The idea of accounting is an old practice that has been dated since the Mesopotamia era. During this era, trade between tribes around Mesopotamia required records to be kept on stone and clay tablets. This took place at least 3600BC, where in those times, the ‘scribes’ who possessed a knowledge of writing also served as bookkeepers. Overall, accounting has made significant contributions over the past five and a half thousand years. The first samples of what we called â€Å"writing† were believed to be actual records of transactions from more than 5,000 years ago. Many scholars considered that accounting systems were in use which had†¦show more content†¦Merchants and property owners used accounting not just for their businesses; They also used it for getting in touch with God, their environmental settings and family members. Francesco Datini, a famous Italian m erchant wrote â€Å"In the Name of God and Profit† in his ledger books. Merchants like Datini (and later Benjamin Franklin) kept moral account books, too, for tallying their sins and good acts the way they tallied income and expenditure. If we wanted to know how to make our country and companies more accountable, we should study the Dutch. In 1602, the foundation of modern capitalism was invented which was the first publicly traded company and official stock market in Amsterdam (the Dutch East India Company). It was their older and well-maintained culture of accountability that kept these institutions stable for a century. The double-entry accounting eventually spread to the Netherlands during the early 1500s which has made the accounting education the country’s main focus. Their managers, eventually, gained trust from The Dutch for maintaining good books and logging in regular interest payments, and paying off their state debts in the meantime. Every level of Dutch so ciety practiced double-entry accounting based on the advantages and pitfalls that were at the fore of the public’s conscious. The Dutch not only had basic financial management skills, they were also acutely aware of the idea of balanced books, auditsShow MoreRelatedThe History Of Accounting811 Words   |  4 PagesToday, Im gonna cover, its a reader question that Ive had submitted right here, but I want to talk about it in a different context than how it reads. So, Im gonna start off with saying this. Doing the right thing, or what you perceived to be the right thing about your unaffordable debt doesnt necessarily get you the results that youre thinking. How does that add up? All right, so, I want to get in to the reader question and Im gonna answer very distinctly and directly to start with. And thenRead MoreHistory of Accounting in Nigeria725 Words   |  3 PagesHistory of Accounting in Nigeria The institutionalization of Accounting started in Britain, from where Accounting was imported to Nigeria. During the preindependence period, in Nigeria, especially before the establishment of the Collages of Arts and Sciences (particularly the one in Ibadan), people who wanted to enroll into accounting profession had to be trained through article ship. This meant that, they had to be attached as apprentices to those in the profession already. When the College ofRead More History Of Accounting Essays1196 Words   |  5 Pagesbefore. The author was a Franciscan monk. The chapter on practical mathematics addressed mathematics in business. He said that the successful merchant needs three things: sufficient cash or credit, an accounting system that can tell him how he ¡Ã‚ ¯s doing, and good bookkeeper to operate it. His accounting system consisted of journals and ledgers. It rested on the invention of double-entry bookkeeping. Debits were on the left side because that ¡Ã‚ ¯s what  ¡Ã‚ °debit ¡Ã‚ ± meant,  ¡Ã‚ °the left ¡Ã‚ ±. The numbers on the rightRead MoreHistory and Development of Accounting2085 Words   |  9 PagesAccounting is defined by the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA) as the art of recording, classifying, and summarizing in a significant manner and in terms of money, transactions and events which are, in part at least, of financial character, and interpreting the results thereof. Accounting is thousands of years old; the earliest accounting records, which date back more than 7,000 years, were found in Mesopotamia (Assyrians). The people of that time relied on primitive accountingRead More History of Accounting Essay3089 Words   |  13 PagesHistory of Accounting The history of accounting I feel is important in the learning, understanding, and developing of my foundation for my accounting career. 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